Indicators

Note

Above/below the zero line and the color change (rising/falling bar) indicate the acceleration direction; unlike AO, it measures whether momentum is accelerating or decelerating.

Note

Computed from the chart OHLCV; takes no arguments. accdist is CUMULATIVE (a line) while iii/wvad are per-bar values - do not confuse them.

When to use

To combine volume with price action and gauge accumulation/distribution pressure.

Note

Takes no parameters; it uses the bars' H/L/C/V values directly. On bars where (H-L)=0, that bar's contribution is taken as zero.

Note

Uses high/low/close. It measures the strength of the trend, not its direction; above 25 is considered a strong trend, and a separate filter is needed for direction. An adx > 25 filter screens out misleading signals in a sideways market.

When to use

To measure how strong a trend is (independent of its direction). Used as a filter to run trend-following strategies only when a strong trend is present.

Limits

It does not tell direction — only strength. Below 25 the market is considered directionless/flat. It is lagging by nature.

Not for

Do not use it alone to generate trade direction; direction comes from dmi/di lines or a separate trend filter.

Tip

An adx > 25 filter screens out misleading signals in a sideways market.

Note

SMMA = rma. Shifts: jaw 8, teeth 5, lips 3 bars forward. Due to the shift, the first valid values start on the 20th/12th/7th bar respectively.

Note

The result is None for the first length-1 bars; if there is a None value in the window, that bar returns None.

Note

The calculation is done over the (high+low)/2 average price; positive values show upward momentum and negative values downward momentum.

Note

The EMA is computed with the SMA-seeded Wilder convention; the first valid value appears on the bar where the slow period completes.

Note

The window covers the last length+1 bars including this bar. up=100 indicates that a new highest peak occurred on this bar, down=100 indicates that a new lowest bottom occurred on this bar. The first length bars are None.

Note

Uses Wilder's K/R/SI formula; requires O/H/L/C. The first bar returns None because there is no prev close.

Note

It uses high, low and close; it does not take a separate source argument. Commonly used to set stop distances. close ± multiplier*atr(14) is a common pattern for stop distance.

When to use

To measure volatility in price units; to set stop-loss/take-profit distance or position size. It adapts to volatility and is symbol-independent.

Limits

It carries no directional information, only the size of the move. It uses high/low/close and takes no separate source argument.

Not for

It is not for overbought/oversold or trend direction. For percentage volatility, scale it with atr(14)/close.

Tip

close ± multiplier*atr(14) is a common pattern for stop distance.

Note

A common expectation is that price recovers as it approaches the lower band and pulls back as it approaches the upper band. Increasing stddev widens the bands and makes touches rarer.

When to use

To draw a price envelope that widens and narrows with volatility. Narrowing bands show a squeeze, widening ones show activity; band touches are used to expect a pullback.

Limits

In a strong trend price can hug one band; do not treat every band touch as a reversal. The result is empty on the first length-1 bars.

Not for

It does not give the trend direction on its own; a separate filter is needed for direction. If you only want the band width numerically, bbw or kcw are more direct.

Tip

Increasing stddev widens the bands and makes touches rarer.

Note

The middle band is found with the SMA and the upper/lower bands with ±stddev standard deviation; the result is the (upper-lower)/middle ratio. It shares the same math as Bollinger Bands (bb).

Note

There is no smoothing; you can smooth the output with sma/ema to reduce noise. On bars containing missing (None) values, the result is None.

Note

The ±100 bands are common thresholds; above +100 signals strong upward pressure and below −100 strong downward pressure. Uses H/L/C.

When to use

To measure how far price deviates from its typical average; to use the crossing of the ±100 bands as a momentum/breakout signal.

Limits

It swings without bounds (no fixed ceiling/floor); the thresholds are relative. It uses high/low/close.

Not for

Do not expect a fixed extreme level; it is read in context. It is not a trend-direction filter.

Tip

Above +100 signals strong upward and below −100 strong downward pressure.

Note

The first slow-1 bars return None due to insufficient data. chaikinosc_series computes ADL internally.

Note

The first valid value appears (p-1)+(q-1) bars later (in practice p+q-1 bars, since the ATR helper requires p bars). It returns None on insufficient bars.

Note

High values (typically >61.8) indicate a ranging/consolidating market, low values (typically <38.2) indicate a strong trend; it measures only trend strength/absence, not direction.

Note

Positive = buying pressure (close in the upper half of the bar + volume), negative = selling. Uses H/L/C/V.

Note

The first length bars return None; if all movement within the window is zero, it returns 0.

Note

No value is produced on bars where the window sum is zero and on the first length-1 bars (None).

Note

A rise above zero is interpreted as a long-term buy signal.

Note

A value near 1 means moving together and a value near −1 means moving inversely; used in pair selection.

Note

Unlike correlation, covariance is UNSCALED (depends on the series units) and is not normalized to -1..1. Use correlation for a comparable measure.

Note

It is the average of three components: the RSI of close, the RSI of the consecutive up/down streak series, and the percent rank of the 1-bar change. The first valid value is produced after the rankLen bar.

Note

The time axis is fixed at 0..length-1 within the window; if the denominator is zero (constant price), it returns 0.0.

Note

Each bar is the maximum of all values so far; the value only rises when a new peak appears and never falls. Gap (na) values are skipped.

When to use

To track the all-time high or to compute the pullback from the peak (drawdown).

Limits

There is no window — it always accumulates from the start of the chart; for a rolling maximum use highest.

Not for

It is not for the highest of the last N bars (that is highest); cumMax covers the whole history.

Note

Each bar is the minimum of all values so far; the value only falls when a new bottom appears and never rises. Gap (na) values are skipped.

When to use

To track the all-time low or to follow floor levels.

Limits

There is no window — it always accumulates from the start of the chart; for a rolling minimum use lowest.

Not for

It is not for the lowest of the last N bars (that is lowest); cumMin covers the whole history.

Note

Supports None-safe chaining: warmup Nones in the source series are preserved, and computation is done over the valid tail then mapped back to the original indices.

Note

decycler = source - highpass(source, length); it preserves the low-frequency trend and removes cycles shorter than length.

Note

Because two nested EMAs are used, roughly the first 2*length-1 bars return None.

Note

basis = sma(source, length), dev = mean(|source - basis|) within the window.

Note

Oscillates around the zero line; extreme positive/negative values can point to overbought/oversold zones. The first (length−1) bars are empty due to warmup.

Note

Direction: if +DI > −DI the uptrend dominates. Strength: adx > 20–25 means a meaningful trend. Fields are accessed with a dot.

Note

Common in breakout strategies: enter when price passes.upper, exit when it breaks.lower.

Note

The shift is length/2+1 bars; the first length-1 bars return None. It does not follow the trend, but emphasizes short-term cycle peaks/troughs.

Note

The EMA is computed over the close price; the first (length-1) bars are empty due to insufficient data.

Note

Catches price reversals earlier than sma; in return it may produce more misleading signals during sudden moves. Crossing two EMAs (e.g. 9 and 21) is a common fast trend filter.

When to use

When you need an average that reacts faster than the simple one; preferred for short-term trend following and crossover signals.

Limits

Because it weights recent bars it can produce more misleading signals in a noisy market. It uses a warm-up value at the start, so the value has not settled on the first bars.

Not for

Do not feed it a series that contains gaps (na) during warm-up — ema does not tolerate gaps. Pass a gap-free series or a raw price series (close) instead.

Tip

Crossing two EMAs (e.g. 9 and 21) is a common fast trend filter.

Note

Positive values indicate that price moves upward easily, negative values indicate easy downward movement, and values near zero indicate little price movement despite high volume.

Note

No dependency beyond the math.log standard library. hl2 = (high+low)/2 is normalized over the last `length` bars; the value is clamped to ±0.999, and the fisher and normalized value are smoothed with the 0.5/0.66/0.67 coefficients (Ehlers convention).

Note

Above the zero line indicates buying pressure, below it indicates selling pressure; the distance measures the strength of the move.

Note

The first length-1 bars are empty due to warmup (None). It is plotted together with the zero line.

Note

Uses a 5-bar window; the first and last two bars cannot be computed (None). The comparison is a strict inequality (equality does not count as a fractal).

Note

Uses the chart's high/low/close series. Based on the fractal dimension, it reacts quickly in a trend and slowly in a range.

Note

Derived from the Alligator; computed with an SMMA (Wilder RMA) over the median price (H+L)/2 and shifted into the future. The value is empty on the first bars (equal to the shift + the period).

Note

Gives a smooth curve with low lag; shows reversals earlier than classic moving averages.

Note

It is computed over closing prices; the sample (N-1) standard deviation of the ln(close/close[1]) log returns is annualized with sqrt(365) and multiplied by 100. The first 'length' bars (while there are not enough returns) produce no value.

Note

Computed from the chart OHLCV; takes no arguments. accdist is CUMULATIVE (a line) while iii/wvad are per-bar values - do not confuse them.

When to use

To combine volume with price action and gauge accumulation/distribution pressure.

Note

RVI is computed with the swma method; when the denominator is zero, that bar returns None. Inertia > 0 indicates a bullish, < 0 a bearish bias.

Note

Efficiency ratio = |change over length bars| / |sum of the bar-by-bar changes|. A high ER means a trend, and KAMA approaches the fast coefficient; a low ER means a ranging market, and it approaches the slow coefficient.

Note

Middle = ema(close, length); band = middle ± mult·atr(length). Similar to Bollinger but the band is scaled by ATR.

Note

The middle line is ema(source, length) and the band distance is mult*atr(length); the result is 2*mult*atr/middle. A smaller value means a narrowing channel (squeeze), a larger one a widening channel (volatility). It uses high/low/close (for atr).

When to use

To numerically track a volatility squeeze (low width) or expansion; used as a threshold in post-squeeze breakout strategies.

Limits

It carries no direction. If the middle line is very close to zero (extremely low price) the result can be empty.

Not for

It is not for drawing the channel's own levels (upper/lower band) — that is what kc is for; this gives only the width.

Note

The J line can exceed the 0..100 range (intentional; an early overbought/oversold signal). If the Highest-Lowest range is zero, that bar is None.

Note

KST above/below the zero line indicates the long-term momentum direction, while KST crossing the signal indicates reversal signals.

Note

Volume force is computed from the trend determined by the direction of the intraday (H+L+C) value and the ratio of the high-low range to the cumulative measure. The first value appears on the slow bar.

Note

Used to track the direction and slope of the trend in a smooth way.

Note

Fields are accessed with a dot. First assign it to a variable: m = macd(close), then use m.macd and m.signal.

When to use

To track trend direction and momentum change together. The MACD line crossing the signal, or the histogram crossing zero, is a classic momentum signal.

Limits

It produces frequent, misleading crossovers in a flat/choppy market. fast must be < slow; otherwise the reading is inverted.

Not for

It does not give overbought/oversold levels (it swings without bounds) — that is what rsi/stoch are for. It is not a fixed support/resistance level either.

Tip

Access fields with a dot: first m = macd(close), then use m.macd, m.signal and m.histogram.

Note

Computed over the source (H+L)/2 (hl2). mama crossing fama upward is interpreted as a buy signal, crossing downward as a sell signal.

Note

The inner EMAs have a fixed 9-period length (classic definition). A rise above 27 followed by a return below 26.5 (reversal bulge) signals a possible trend reversal.

Note

k=0.6 is fixed. The first bar is seeded with the raw source, so there is no insufficient-data period (it produces no None).

Note

The first length-1 bars return None due to insufficient data. Unlike the average, the median is robust to outliers (extreme values).

Note

It is like an rsi that also takes volume into account; below 20 and above 80 are the extreme zones.

Note

It looks at the frequency of values in the last length bars; if several values share the top frequency it returns the smallest. The result is empty (na) on the first length-1 bars.

When to use

To find the most repeated level in discrete or rounded values (e.g. the most common value of rounded prices).

Limits

With continuous (decimal) prices most values are unique, so it usually returns the first value; a rounded/discrete input is generally needed for it to be meaningful. na on the first length-1 bars.

Not for

Do not use it in place of a mean or median — that is what sma/median are for; mode looks for the most frequent value.

Note

The result is empty (None) on the first length bars because there is not enough data.

Note

A cumulative/multiplicative index seeded at 1.0, so values stay around 1.0 (e.g. 0.78-1.25). Do NOT confuse it with the classic 1000-based variant. NVI is read as "smart money", PVI as "the crowd".

When to use

To separate price action by volume state (low-volume vs high-volume days).

Note

It adds volume when the close rises and subtracts it when it falls; shows the direction of volume flow.

Note

This is the short-name form of the exact same computation as percentile_linear_interpolation: the window is sorted and the percentile is interpolated between two neighboring values. The result is empty on the first length-1 bars.

When to use

To obtain a slice of the price distribution smoothly with in-between values (when the short spelling is preferred).

Limits

It requires sorting; heavier over long windows. na on the first length-1 bars.

Not for

If you want an actual observation from the window, use percentileNearestRank.

Note

This is the short-name form of the exact same computation as percentile_nearest_rank: the window is sorted and the actual value at the matching rank is returned (no interpolation). The result is empty on the first length-1 bars.

When to use

When you need an actual value from the window for a given percentile (when the short spelling is preferred).

Limits

It gives a stepped result; less smooth than the interpolated version. na on the first length-1 bars.

Not for

If you want a smooth, in-between threshold, percentileLinear is more suitable.

Note

The window is sorted and the percentile is found by a weighted transition (interpolation) between two neighboring values; the result need not equal an actual value in the window. pct 50 gives the median. The result is empty on the first length-1 bars.

When to use

To obtain a given slice of the price distribution (e.g. the 90th percentile of the last 50 bars) smoothly with in-between values; used to build adaptive bands/thresholds.

Limits

It requires sorting, so it is heavier over long windows. The result is empty on the first length-1 bars.

Not for

If you do not want an interpolated value but an actual observation from the window, use percentile_nearest_rank.

Note

The window is sorted and the actual value at the rank matching the percentile is returned; no interpolation is done, so the result is always one of the window's observations. The result is empty on the first length-1 bars.

When to use

When you need an actual price value from the window for a given percentile (cases where an interpolated value is undesirable).

Limits

It gives a stepped result; less smooth than the interpolated version. na on the first length-1 bars.

Not for

If you want a smooth, in-between threshold, percentile_linear_interpolation is more suitable.

Note

The ratio of values within the last length bars that are less than or equal to the current value is computed as a percentage.

Note

Since atr_series contains a None-warmup, it is not passed directly to ema; the valid tail is taken, ema is computed, and mapped back to the original indices. Because close is raw OHLC, no extra precaution is needed for sma. If the denominator is zero, that bar is None.

Note

It is aligned to the intraday bar; used as a support/resistance reference.

Note

Levels are computed from the high/low/close of the last COMPLETED period (the bars between the two starts marked by anchor). If type is omitted "Traditional" is used. Woodie and DM also account for the open; DM produces only Pivot, R1 and S1, with the rest empty. Index the array: lv = pivotLevels(...), then lv[0] is Pivot, lv[1] R1, lv[2] S1.

When to use

To automatically compute and draw periodic (e.g. weekly/monthly) pivot support-resistance levels according to an anchor series.

Limits

It returns a single current set of levels (not bar-by-bar); a completed period does not form until anchor is true at least twice. Unused levels stay na depending on the method. type must be a static string.

Not for

Do not expect a separate rolling pivot series per bar — the output is a fixed set of levels for the last completed period. For the classic single intraday pivot, pivot/r1/s1 are more direct.

Tip

Index the array: lv = pivotLevels(...), then lv[0] is Pivot, lv[1] R1, lv[2] S1.

Note

A pivot must be strictly greater than all of the leftbars bars to its left and the rightbars bars to its right (equality does not count as a pivot). Because right-side confirmation is required, the value appears rightbars bars after the pivot bar.

Note

The center bar must make a lower low than all of the leftbars bars to its left and the rightbars bars to its right. The value is written to the bar where the pivot is confirmed (center + rightbars); therefore there is no look-ahead. It is the low counterpart of the Pivot High indicator.

Note

Same logic as MACD but uses a percentage relative to the slow EMA instead of an absolute difference; this brings symbols at different price levels to a comparable scale.

Note

For accessing the previous day's close on an intraday chart.

Note

A cumulative/multiplicative index seeded at 1.0, so values stay around 1.0 (e.g. 0.78-1.25). Do NOT confuse it with the classic 1000-based variant. NVI is read as "smart money", PVI as "the crowd".

When to use

To separate price action by volume state (low-volume vs high-volume days).

Note

Same calculation logic as PPO, applied to volume instead of close. A positive PVO indicates that the fast volume average is above the slow one (increasing volume interest).

Note

Standard cumulative PVT math is used. The first bar starts from 0; if the prev close is 0, that bar's contribution is skipped to avoid division by zero. Similar to OBV, but it weights by the percentage price change rather than the full volume.

Note

ema_series starts with an SMA (Wilder), so the first valid value is on the length-1 bar.

Note

A positive value indicates buyer dominance, a negative value indicates seller dominance; the first length-1 bars are None.

Note

It is computed as highest(source, length) − lowest(source, length); a volatility/range measure in price units. The result is empty on the first length-1 bars.

When to use

To measure the price spread (top-to-bottom distance) over a window; to build a squeeze/expansion or breakout threshold.

Limits

It carries no direction, only the width. For the bar-to-bar true range use tr, and for a single bar's high-low use high−low.

Not for

It is not for a single bar's high-low; this is the range over a length-bar window.

Note

A value near +100 indicates a strong uptrend, a value near -100 indicates a strong downtrend. For equal prices the average rank is used.

Note

The stdev of close is population based (divided by N). The up and down standard deviations are smoothed separately with Wilder RMA; therefore the first stdevLen-1 + length bars return None.

Limits

In order and by name forms all give the same result: relvol(close, 14, 10) · relvol(14, 10) · relvol(length=14, stdevLen=10) · relvol(close, 14, stdevLen=10).

Note

The smoothing used inside rsi and atr. At the same period it reacts more slowly than ema.

Note

The first valid value appears on the momentum + length - 1 bar (bar 17 with the defaults).

Note

Measures momentum; a positive value shows the speed of a rise and a negative value the speed of a fall.

Note

It is a two-stage band-pass filter: first a 2-pole high-pass with period hp filters the trend/DC component, then a Super Smoother with period lp filters the high-frequency noise. It is recursive; on a constant input the output falls to zero.

Note

Above 70 is considered overbought and below 30 oversold. It is more reliable evaluated together with the trend direction rather than on its own. Lowering the length (e.g. 7) makes it more jittery, raising it makes it smoother.

When to use

To measure overbought/oversold zones or to look for divergence between price and the indicator. Its most reliable use is filtered together with the trend direction.

Limits

In a strong trend it can stay above 70 or below 30 for a long time; reading that alone as a reversal is misleading. The source series should have no gaps.

Not for

Not for measuring trend strength — adx does that. Do not decide trades on a threshold crossing alone; evaluate it together with direction.

Tip

Lowering the length (e.g. 7) makes it more jittery, raising it makes it smoother.

Note

SWMA has a fixed length of 4; it returns None on the first bars and when the denominator is zero.

Note

The first length bars return None. atr(k) is computed with Wilder ATR; the existing atr_series helper is called directly.

Note

The first bar is None; the trend starts from the second bar. AF increases by inc at each new extreme point, is capped by max, and resets to the start value on a trend reversal.

Note

The result is empty (na) on the first length-1 bars because there is not enough data. The larger the length, the smoother the line but the greater the lag.

When to use

To smooth price and read the main trend direction, or to use price being above/below the average as a signal. Crossing a short and a long length gives the classic crossover strategy.

Limits

The result is empty (na) on the first length-1 bars. Because it weights all bars equally it reacts to reversals later than ema and lags on sudden moves.

Not for

Not ideal if you want to catch reversals early — ema or more responsive averages (hma, wma) are better for that. It is not for measuring volatility either; that is what atr/stdev are for.

Tip

The larger the length, the smoother the line but the greater the lag.

Note

Uses the chart's H/L/C series. It returns None for the first length-1 bars plus the double-EMA lag. On bars where den=0, smi is None.

Note

The first bars are empty until the slow EMA is ready (warmup equal to the slow length). The values come from MACD's double-stage stochastic cycle; they saturate at 0 or 100 in strong trends.

Note

Commonly used for the Z-score: (close − sma(close,n)) / stdev(close,n).

Note

Below 20 is considered oversold and above 80 overbought. Default high/low/close; with source/highSrc/lowSrc it can be applied to another series (e.g. an indicator output). It returns a two-field record: s = stoch(14,3,3), then use s.k and s.d.

When to use

To find where price closes within the last N-bar range and look for overbought/oversold and momentum turns. %K crossing %D is the classic signal.

Limits

It can give early counter-trend signals in a trending market. It uses high/low/close.

Not for

It is not for trend strength. If the raw %K is too noisy, increase smoothK.

Tip

It returns a two-field record: s = stoch(14,3,3), then use s.k and s.d.

Note

First RSI is computed, then a stochastic is applied to the RSI; identical to stoch(stochLen, smoothK, smoothD, rsi, rsi, rsi). It is more sensitive than plain RSI because it measures RSI's position within its own range.

When to use

To catch momentum turns in RSI overbought/oversold zones early. %K crossing %D is the classic signal.

Note

A 2-pole Butterworth Super Smoother; the coefficient sum is 1 (DC gain 1), and it converges to the same constant on a constant input.

Note

The length is fixed (4) and the weights are [1,2,2,1]/6; therefore it does not take a length parameter. The first 3 bars return None due to warmup.

Note

Because of the chain of six consecutive EMAs, roughly the first 6*(length-1) bars produce no value.

Note

TEMA compensates in a compound manner for the lag created by applying the EMA three times; it reacts faster to price reversals than the classic EMA.

Note

The 50 reference line separates direction: when the value is above 50, upward pressure dominates; when below, downward pressure dominates. If all deviations are zero, the result is taken as 50.

Note

max(H−L, |H−prev C|, |L−prev C|); no smoothing. It is the unsmoothed form of ATR.

Note

Computed with two nested SMAs: first an SMA with a ceil((n+1)/2) window, then an SMA with a floor(n/2)+1 window. The total warmup time is length-1 bars.

Note

Due to the triple EMA, roughly the first 3*(length-1)+1 bars return None; division by zero is guarded.

Note

Identical to linreg(source, length, offset=-1); offset=-1 projects the line onto the next bar (x=length).

Note

Momentum is the difference of the source from the previous bar; because of the double EMA smoothing, roughly the first long+short+1 bars return None.

Note

.on is None for the first length+1 bars due to ATR warmup;.mom returns None for the first ~2*length-2 bars, since linreg warmup is added on top of the source warmup. The BB standard deviation is population (biased) based, consistent with the bbands convention.

Note

Penalizes only declines (drawdowns); unlike standard deviation, upward movement does not increase risk. A higher value = a deeper/longer decline.

Note

Buying pressure BP = close - min(low, prev close); true range TR = max(high, prev close) - min(low, prev close). For each period the average = Σ(BP)/Σ(TR); UO = 100*(4*fast + 2*mid + slow)/7. Standard Williams math is applied.

Note

When the condition is true the source value is captured and held on later bars; n=0 gives the most recent occurrence, n=1 the previous one. If the condition has never occurred yet the result is empty (na).

When to use

To remember, on later bars, the price/value at the moment an event occurred (e.g. the last crossover price, the last peak, the indicator value at the last signal).

Limits

It returns na until the condition first occurs. If there are not enough past occurrences for n it also returns na.

Not for

It is not for COUNTING the condition; it returns the VALUE at the moment of the event.

Note

Variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean (moving average); it equals the square of the standard deviation (stdev) and measures the dispersion of the series.

Note

The first length-1 bars are None; if the window's sum of absolute changes is zero, that bar is None.

Note

The smoothing coefficient k = (2/(length+1)) * |CMO|; CMO approaches 0 in a ranging market and locks onto the average source.

Note

The source volume is the chart's volume; it does not take a separate source. Positive = volume is above the slow average.

Note

Crossovers of VI+ and VI- are read as trend-reversal signals; both typically oscillate around 1.0.

Note

A reference level commonly used in intraday trading; whether price is above or below the VWAP gives a directional cue. By default it does not reset on a new session; pass `anchor="session"` if you want it to reset every session. Price crossing above the VWAP reads as intraday strength, below it as weakness.

When to use

To use the volume-weighted average price as a reference level in intraday trading; price being above/below the VWAP gives a directional cue. Use `anchor=` when a level that resets every day/week/month is wanted; add `stdevMult=` for a volatility band around the VWAP.

Limits

If `anchor` is a session-period string (it needs the exchange-local day/week/month boundary), the symbol's timezone must be resolvable — if it is not (e.g. a US stock without bridge metadata/classification) it raises a clear error. It is meaningless without volume.

Not for

It is not designed as a long-term (weekly/monthly) trend average; its real use is intraday.

Tip

Price crossing above the VWAP reads as intraday strength, below it as weakness.

Note

Weight = bar volume; low-volume bars affect the average less.

Note

The first length-1 bars return None due to warmup. If the EMA volume is zero, that bar is None (division-by-zero protection).

Note

Does not use volume; it computes cumulative accumulation/distribution using only H/L/C. The first bar starts at 0 as the cumulative base.

Note

Crossovers of wt1 and wt2 are used as signals; the extreme zones indicate overbought/oversold

Note

Uses the chart's H/L/C data; the first (length-1) bars return None due to insufficient data.

Note

Above −20 is interpreted as overbought and below −80 as oversold.

Note

The most recent bar is given the highest weight; weights increase from 1 up to length.

Note

It uses high/low/close. The scale is inverted: values near 0 mark the top (overbought) and values near −100 the bottom (oversold); above −20 is overbought and below −80 oversold.

When to use

To look for overbought/oversold by measuring, inversely, where price sits in the last N-bar range; very similar to stochastic, just with a different scale.

Limits

It can stay at the extremes for a long time in a trend. The fixed ceiling is 0 and the floor is −100.

Not for

It is not for trend direction/strength. Do not expect a positive scale — the values are negative.

Note

Computed from the chart OHLCV; takes no arguments. accdist is CUMULATIVE (a line) while iii/wvad are per-bar values - do not confuse them.

When to use

To combine volume with price action and gauge accumulation/distribution pressure.

Note

lag = floor((length-1)/2). A lag-compensation term is added to the source (src + (src - src[lag])), then the EMA is applied.

Note

The standard deviation is population (biased) based. If the standard deviation in the window is zero, the value returns 0.0.

Note

©LeventAlgo. The middle line smooths out price noise; the band widens when the market is calm and narrows as the move strengthens; the line waits for price to clear it decisively before turning. Use `.guc` to filter out signals when trend strength is low.